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in february of 1987

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astronomers looking at the nearby galaxy

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called the large magellanic cloud

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a supernova explosion

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the spectacular death of the star

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astronomers around the world have

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eagerly studied supernova 1987 a with

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sensitive telescopes hoping to learn

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what will happen to the expanding debris

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and the fiery core of the star

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has the inner core collapsed as

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scientists expect into a tiny dense

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pulsing neutron star at the center

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in the exploding gas in giant supernovas

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in hundreds of millions of stars

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in huge spiraling galaxies

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in distant quasars whose light has been

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traveling to us since the beginning of

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the universe

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in these fantastic objects

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astronomers have learned that great

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forces heat gasses to extreme

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temperatures above tens of millions of

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degrees

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causing them to emit massive amounts of

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the space shuttle will carry sensitive

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new telescopes into orbit to study the

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cosmos

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one telescope measures x-rays emitted

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from supernovas quasars and other high

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energy targets in space

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priceless new information from this

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broadband x-ray telescope will help

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scientists uncover more pieces in the

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universe go for main engine start

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four three two

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one

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and

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in the spring of 1990 the space shuttle

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columbia will lift off on a special

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mission called astro one

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dedicated to scientific observations of

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our universe

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once in orbit four new telescopes will

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be operated from the shuttle's payload

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bay

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bbxrt the broadband x-ray telescope

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analyzes x-rays emitted by extremely hot

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and energetic stars and galaxies in

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distant

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space three other telescopes mounted

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together on a pointing platform examine

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ultraviolet light emitted from nearby

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objects in our solar system and from

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stars and distant galaxies

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these telescopes must be operated in

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space

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because the earth's atmosphere prevents

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most radiation including x-rays and

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ultraviolet light from reaching the

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ground

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the visible light that we can see is a

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surprisingly small portion of the

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radiation that is emitted in space

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we know that massive amounts of

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radiation are emitted in the invisible

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portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

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including ultraviolet light and x-rays

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each type of radiation provides

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different clues about the nature of the

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object

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the broadband x-ray telescope studies

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radiation emitted in a large portion of

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the x-ray spectrum which has never been

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studied before in great detail

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for example bbxrt can detect which

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chemical elements are present in an

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x-ray source such as oxygen magnesium

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silicon

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sulfur and calcium

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elements that are abundant in space and

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essential to life on earth

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bbxrt is the first x-ray telescope used

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in space that can detect the presence of

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iron in a broad variety of targets

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because iron is one of the most abundant

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elements in the universe its presence in

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an x-ray source provides tell-tale

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evidence about that object for example

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its size temperature how old it is

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whether it rotates and at what speed and

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the dream of building and launching a

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broadband x-ray telescope into space

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began more than 12 years ago here at

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nasa's goddard space flight center in

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greenbelt maryland

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over 40 satellites have been built and

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tested at goddard countless others have

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been managed by nasa's greenbelt

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facility

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in the late 1970s

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dr peter cerlamitsos working in

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goddard's high energy astrophysics

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laboratory developed a light and

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inexpensive mirror sufficiently smooth

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to reflect x-rays

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it was made from shiny aluminum foil

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coated with acrylic and gold the mirrors

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were nested together in a housing to

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provide the large surface area needed to

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gather x-rays

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these foil mirrors made the telescope

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light enough to be carried into space on

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the shuttle

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once the telescope was approved for

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flight teams of up to 100 goddard

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scientists engineers and technicians

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worked for five years to build the

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instrument and a unique reusable

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pointing system for the telescope

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payload manager frank volpe describes

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the challenges of building the telescope

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when you fly in the orbiter the the key

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most criteria is to make sure it's safe

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so we have gone through extensive

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testing and design to ensure that in no

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way jeopardize the health and safety of

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the crew and the orbiter

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to that extent you also must make sure

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that it is its limits of weight

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and power and thermal requirements all

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within the constraints of the orbiter

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itself we had to take some

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exceptional uh

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steps to ensure that

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the thermal systems remained within its

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limits at one end of the telescope

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we have elements operating at a very

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very cold temperature around 40 degrees

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kelvin

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at other places on the telescope and the

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payload we have

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boxes that like to operate near room

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temperature

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once the telescope was built it was

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lowered into the two-axis pointing

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system structure

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during the integration and testing phase

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the complex electronic systems

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controlling the telescope and the

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support structure were wired together

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and repeatedly checked

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blankets were attached to achieve the

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required thermal insulation in space

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vibration acoustics and thermal vacuum

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tests were conducted on the telescope to

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simulate conditions encountered during

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the mission

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some of the shuttle astronauts shown

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here in their anti-contamination suits

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came to goddard to get a first-hand look

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at the new telescope that they will

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carry into orbit

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goddard scientists have carefully chosen

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the x-ray sources that the bbxrt will

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observe

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these unusually hot and energetic

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targets vary from tiny neutron stars

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drawing gas from a larger companion star

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a prime bbxrt target is a supernova

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remnant the exploded outer shell of a

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star which occupies vast areas in space

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the outer edges heated to extreme

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temperatures by shock waves emit

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millions of x-rays

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in these regions

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bbxrt can detect the presence of heavy

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elements such as iron and many other

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elements that make up our own bodies

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by studying the supernova the x-ray

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telescope will contribute new

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information about how these important

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elements are manufactured inside stars

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bbxrt principal investigator dr peter

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cerlemitsos

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everything we learn from it is telltale

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evidence of what was inside the star

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you know how we're going to study what

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the star is forming inside we're waiting

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for it to spew this matter out in the

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interstellar space and therefore

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from the pieces out there we see the

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x-ray emission that tells us what was

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forming the star what how much iron how

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much silicon and so forth

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as the exploded outer shell of supernova

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1987a dissipates into space

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it may be possible for bbxrt to observe

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the existence of a neutron star at the

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center

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neutron stars are formed during a

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supernova explosion when the inner

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region of a star collapses into a tiny

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core

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pulsars are neutron stars that rotate

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extremely quickly some as fast as one

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thousand times a second

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they emit light and x-rays in

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searchlight beams making them appear to

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blink on and off

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scientists believe that neutron stars

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are unimaginably dense

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one teaspoonful of matter from a neutron

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star would weigh over a billion tons

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many neutron stars are often paired with

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a much larger companion star

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in this binary star system the tiny

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neutron star exerts an extremely strong

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gravitational pull which draws gas from

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the companion star

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the gas flows into an accretion disk

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around the neutron star

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as it approaches the star

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the gas is heated to millions of degrees

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and emits large amounts of x-rays

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in some systems

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the gas flows onto the pole of the

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neutron star along its magnetic field

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scientists believe that some binary

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systems may contain a mysterious black

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hole instead of a neutron star

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x-rays are admitted as the swirling hot

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gas is drawn into the black hole

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the gravitational force exerted by the

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black hole is so strong that neither

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light nor matter can escape once they

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are drawn in

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the physical conditions found inside the

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black hole are totally unknown

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the x-ray telescope will study a

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suspected black hole in our galaxy

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called cygnus x1

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scientists hope bbxrt

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will confirm the theory that material is

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actually spiraling around the black hole

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as it is drawn into it

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perhaps none of bbxrt's targets are as

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mysterious as the quasars

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though they look like stars

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quasars are believed to be the center of

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distant galaxies formed billions of

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years ago

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yet a single quasar radiates more energy

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than 100 normal galaxies combined

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it is believed that quasars may be

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powered by a massive black hole

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quasars are the furthest objects from

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earth ever observed

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so the light emitted from them dates

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back to a time much closer to the big

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bang

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the indescribably huge explosion that

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scientists believe was the beginning of

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the universe

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bb xrt co-investigator frank marshall

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quasars have been known for i guess more

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than 20 years now but it's still not

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known what the

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real energy generation mechanism

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in quasars is but x-rays allow you to

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look very close into the central engine

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of quasars which is where most of the

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action is going on so we'll look very

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close to what we think is the black hole

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at the at the center of the quasar and

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get a measurement of perhaps how the

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material is is falling into the into the

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quasar

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and how large the object the center of

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the largest areas bbxrt will study are

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clusters of galaxies where hundreds of

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galaxies move around each other in their

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own gravitational system

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previous x-ray instruments have

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discovered an extremely hot gas that

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covers an enormous region within the

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cluster

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bbxrt will analyze the chemical makeup

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of the gas

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clusters of galaxies what is the gas

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that is in them how hot it is and what

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it is

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is it just hydrogen from from the big

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bang or is it something that the

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galaxies that are going in this cluster

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that has

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been spewing out and now it's heated up

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in the middle of the cluster in

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astrophysics this is important

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information and instruments like bbxrt

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give you that information it's just that

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a lot of this information simply does

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not exist right now and bbxrt will be

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producing this information

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the weeks prior to the launch are a time

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of great anticipation for the men and

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women who work to build a telescope

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together with the ultraviolet telescopes

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bbxrt is positioned into the shuttle's

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payload bay at the kennedy space center

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during the mission the x-ray telescope

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will be controlled from the goddard

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space flight center

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several flight simulations are held

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prior to launch

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many of the scientists and engineers who

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built and tested the telescope practiced

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the commands and procedures to be used

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during the mission you can enable taps

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in bbxrt for command at this time

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astro will be around the clock mission

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nearly every orbit the astronauts will

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adjust the orientation of the shuttle

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then the telescopes will make fine

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adjustments toward new targets

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for part of the mission all the

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telescopes will point at the same target

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such as supernova

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1987a by comparing simultaneous

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information taken in two different bands

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of the electromagnetic spectrum

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scientists will gain a more complete

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understanding of these targets

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at other times the x-ray and ultraviolet

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telescopes will be pointed at different

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targets

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all data from the telescopes will be

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analyzed over the coming years

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what's been exciting about this project

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is that science was conceived here

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the instrument was developed here the

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rest of the payload was developed and

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integrated and tested here

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and the whole payload will be controlled

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from the goddard space flight center

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control center

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largely we don't know

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exactly what we're going to see which is

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part of the excitement

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the 10 days will produce for us and

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discovering exactly what

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what we do find because in the past

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x-ray astronomy new x-ray astronomy

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missions have always produced something

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we didn't anticipate

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in many circumstances those are the most

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have been the most exciting results

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and i'm very hopeful that the same will

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the broadband x-ray telescope

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along with the astro ultraviolet

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telescopes

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stands ready to deliver brand new

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information to scientists all over the

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world

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about the greatest mysteries in the

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universe its origin

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its evolution